India has enormous freshwater and low saline brackish water resources that can be utilized for freshwater prawn farming. Since the mid-1990s, production of the giant river prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) has boomed, making India the second largest freshwater prawn producer in the world. Over recent years, prawn production has been declining, threatening the ongoing success of the prawn industry, and the livelihoods of the communities it supports. The Genetic Improvement of Freshwater Prawn project aims to safeguard the future of the prawn industry in India through the establishment of a selective breeding program for high quality prawn stock.