Bangladesh and the neighboring Indian state of West Bengal lie across the fertile delta floodplains where the Ganges River splits and then spills into the Bay of Bengal. With an estimated combined population of 250 million, the Ganges delta is one of the most populous regions of the world, and poverty in rural communities can be devastating. Managing the shared natural resources of the floodplains is vital to maintaining the area’s biodiversity, while reducing the poverty and malnutrition of those who rely on it. With potentially damaging aquaculture practices and overexploitation of fisheries resources spreading rapidly in some areas, understanding the best management practices for the floodplains, and developing policies to protect both environment and livelihoods is urgently needed.